16. THE CHRISTMAS

16. THE CHRISTMAS

        On the 25^th of December every year most of the Christians celebrate the Christmas day, the birth day of Jesus Christ. Christian scholars know that that date was not the real birthday of Jesus Christ, but the birthday of the god man Attis and the sun god called Mithra, (Mitra in India Vedic religion, Mihr in Persian, Ra, or Re in ancient Egypt, and in Babylon he was identified with Shamash; shams in Arabic means “sun”).

          The ancient Phrygo-Roman god Attis, was parallel to   Jesus, such as: Attis was born on December 25th of the Virgin Nana, was a shepherd, (like Jesus the "Good Shepherd"), was considered the "only begotten son," and the saviour slain for the salvation of mankind. He served as both the Divine Son and the Father. He was "crucified" on a tree on "Black Friday.” He descended into the underworld, and after three days, he was resurrected on March 25th as the "Most High God."   

Mithra has some characters in common with those of Jesus, such as: Mithra was born on December 25th of the virgin Anahita. As a baby he was placed in a manger and attended by shepherds.  He had twelve companions or disciples, performed miracles, and sacrificed himself for world peace.  He ascended to heaven in his solar cart. Like Jesus he was also viewed as the Good Shepherd, the "Way, the Truth and the Light," the Redeemer, the Saviour, and the Messiah. He is omniscient, he sees all, hears all, and knows all. His sacred day was Sunday. His birth date coincided with a pre-existent Pagan Roman holiday, Saturnalia (an ancient Roman festival in honour of deity Saturn, held from 17 to 23 December).

          The Roman emperor realized Christianity could unite the Romans and strengthen the empire. In the Church Council of Nicaea (on the site of modern Turkey Iznik) which took place in 325 CE where 2.048 bishops with various views about the personality of Jesus, the Emperor Constantine interfered and supported the view of 318 bishops in the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus against the views  of about 1.700 bishops.

          In order to encourage the Romans to embrace Christianity, Emperor Constantine adopted it as the official religion of the empire, and he himself embraced Christianity. In 336 he adopted and Christianised the festival as the birthday of Jesus as “the sun of Righteousness” so that the Romans could continue celebrating on the 25^th of December, singing and dancing the whole night.

          What we have is Biblical Jesus, not the historical Jesus. According to Rev. Dr. Charles Anderson Scott there was no material available for the life of historical Jesus. However, Christian scholars generally regarded as having been born between 7 and 4 BCE.      

 Out of the four gospels, only Matthew and Luke mentioned the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem; it was in the time of King Herod according to Matthew (Matthew 2:1), whereas according to Luke he was born in the time of Caesar Augustus (Luke 2:1). Luke did mention that it was John the Baptist rather than Jesus who was born in the time of King Herod (Luke 1:5).

            Luke said when Jesus was born: “And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby, keeping watch their flocks at night.” (Luke 2:8).  The wise men saw a star and said: “We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.” (Matthew 2:2). So, according to the Bible, Jesus was born at night with a clear sky and where shepherds tended their sheep at night, rather in the day time. These indicated that it was not in winter (December), but most probably in summer where it was very hot in the day time to tend sheep, so that the shepherds tended their sheep at night with a clear sky.

According to Jewish tradition Jesus was born in Aylūl (between July and September). The Qur’an mentioned that Mary heard a voice telling her not to grieve as Allah had provided a water stream under her, and to shake the trunk of  date palm towards her, so that fresh ripe dates would fall down upon her (Q. 19:24-25). This would not have been in Winter, but in Spring or Summer. Many believed that he had been born in about the month of August between 7 and 4 BCE.       

          Shaykh Muhammad Abū Zahrah (1316-1394/1898-1974) mentions 44 parallels between Krishna and Jesus in his book Comparative Religions, both were considered son of God by their respective followers. Nine of them are as follows:

          People knew the birth of Krishna through a star appearing in the sky (تَارِيْخُ الْهْنْد, vol. 2, pp. 37, 367)  After Jesus was born in Bethlehem, the wise men saw a star in the East, and came to Jerusalem to find and worship him (Matthew 2:1-2).

When Krishna was born the earth glorified God, the moon illuminated the earth, spirits chanted, the angels dozed off in happiness, and the clouds sang with melodious tone happily. (Vishnu Purana, p. 502). (When Jesus was born) “Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel, praising God and telling them that “… a Saviour has been born to you; he is Christ the Lord.” (Luke 2:11)

Nanda, the suitor of Devaki, Krishna’s mother, heard a voice from the sky telling him to take the baby and his mother to take refuge to Kakoli and to cross the river Jumna, as the king wanted to kill him (Vishnu Purana, 3).  An angel appeared to Joseph in a dream telling him to take the child Jesus and his mother Mary to Egypt, for king Herod wanted to kill him (Matthew 2:13)

When the king heard the birth of a divinely baby Krishna, he ordered to kill every male baby born on the same night he was born (دوان, p. 280). King Herod wanted to kill the baby Jesus, asked the wise men his location, so that “I too may go and worship him.”  As the Magi (wise men) did not tell him, he ordered to kill every boy born in Bethlehem and its vicinity who were two years old and under, in accordance with the time he had learned from the Magi (wise men) (Matthew 2:8, 13, 16)

 Khrishna was the beginning, the middle and the end of everything.  (دوان, p. 282). Jesus said: “I am the Alpha and the Omega, who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty” (Revelation, 1:8)

Krishna said: “I am the light of the sun and the moon, I am the light in the flame, and I am the light of everything that shines and the light of the lights will not be in the darkness.’ (M. Williams. The Religions of the Pagan Indians, p. 213). “When Jesus spoke again to the people, he said: ‘I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life.’” (John 8:12).

 Krishna said: “I am the one who sustains the world, its place of refuge, and its way (دوان, p. 283).  Jesus answered [Thomas]. “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.” (John 14:6)

Krishna said: “I am the right of the right, I am the Beginning, the Middle, the End, the Eternal, the Creator of everything, and I am [the cause of] its annihilation and destruction.” (M. Williams. The Religions of the Pagan Indians, p. 213). [John said: ] “When I saw him [Jesus] I fell at his feet as though dead. Then he placed his right hand on me and said: ‘Do not be afraid. I am the First and the Last. I am the Living One. I was dead, and behold I am alive for ever and ever. And I hold the keys of death and Hades.’”(Revelation 1:17-18)

Krishna will come in the Last Day.  He will appear as a knight equipped with weapon riding on a grey horse. When he came the sun and the moon would become dark, the earth would shake and the stars would fall down from the sky (دوان, 282). When Jesus will come, “the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; the stars will fall from the sky, and the heavenly bodies will be shaken” (Matthew 24:29)

Shaykh Muhammad Abū Zahrah mentions 46 parallels between Buddha and Jesus in his book مُحَاضَرَاتٌ فِيْ مُقَارَنَات الأَدْيَان   (Comparative Study of Religions)[1] both of them were considered son of God by their respective followers. We mention here  ten only of them, as follows:

When the wise men knew the secret of Buddha’s divinity they greeted him and called him god (دوان, p. 290). When the wise men saw the baby Jesus they greeted him and called him god (Matthew 2:1-11)

When Buddha felt the difficulty of travelling he decided to worship and to lead a devout life, Mara the Satan appeared to test him.  (دوان, p. 292)  When Jesus started preaching Satan appeared to him to test him (Matthew 4:1-8)

Mara the Satan told Krishna: “Do not spend your live in religious deeds, as you would be the king of the world within seven days.” (دوان, p. 292).  Satan said: “All this [the kingdoms of the world and their splendour] I will give you, if you will bow down and worship me.” (Matthew 4:1-9)

Buddha did not care what Mara said. Instead, he said to him: “Go away from me!.” (دوان, p. 292). “Jesus said to him, Away from me, Satan! For it is written, ‘Worship the Lord your God, and serve him only.’” (Matthew 4:10).

When Mara the Satan stopped testing Buddha the sky rained with flowers and perfumes filling the air with their fragrance (دوان, p. 292) “Then the devil left him, and angels came and attended him.” (Matthew 4:11)

 And Buddha ascended to heaven with his body after he has finished his work on the earth (دوان, p. 293). “…, he was taken up before their very eyes, and a cloud had him from their sight.” (Acts 1:9)

Buddha will come again to the earth, and will bring back peace and blessing on it (دوان, p. 293).  “Men of Galilee,” they (the two men dressed in white) said, “Why do you stand here looking into the sky? This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven” (Acts 1:10)

Buddha is the Alpha and the Omega; he has no end, the great being, the eternal. (دوان, p. 293). “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the word was God.” (John 1:1)

Buddha said to his beloved disciple Ananda: “There is no doubt that my words will never disappear at all, even if the heavens fell into the earth, and the world was swallowed, the ocean became dry, and the Soumer (سومر) mountain crashed and cut into pieces (Bill, History of Buddhdism, p. 11) Jesus said:  “Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never pass away.” (Matthew 24:35)

When Buddha insisted in leading a devout life while he was riding on his horse Kamthaka the angels spread his way with flowers. ([R. Spence] Hardy, The Legends and Theories of the Buddhists, p. 13). When Jesus entered Jerusalem some people spread their cloaks on the road, while others cut branches from the trees and spread them on the road (Matthew 2:18).

The main similarities among the three (Krishna, Buddha, and Jesus) are: They all ascended to heaven seen by many people. They will return to the earth. They all claimed to be the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end of everything.

                                                 (CIVIC, 23 December, 2016)

 المصادر:

المكتبة الشاملة

محمد أبو زهرة: مُحَاضَرَاتٌ فِيْ مُقَارَنَاتِ الأَدْيَان: الْقِسْمُ الأَوَّل, الدِّيَانَاتُ الْقَدِيْمَة    

Holy Bible: New International Version

Collier’s Encyclopaedia, “Christmas”

http://www.hope-of-israel.org/cmas1.htm

http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_jckr1.htm

http://www.truthbeknown.com/attis.html

http://www.truthbeknown.com/mithra.htm

---

[1] The book was the collection of his lectures at the Institute of Islamic Studies in Cairo in early 60s and was published in 1965.

15. THE POSITION OF THE ṢAḤĀBAH (8)

15. THE POSITION OF THE ṢAḤĀBAH (8)

          According to the Twelver Shi‘ah the vast majority of Muslims turned into apostasy after the death of the Prophet (ﷺ). They disobeyed the Prophet (ﷺ) who had appointed ‘Ali as his mawlā in Ghadīr Khumm. Instead, they appointed Abū Bakr, then ‘Umar, then ‘Uthmān as his successors. Al-Kulaynī reported from Abū Ja‘far that people after the death of the Prophet (ﷺ) became apostates except three people: al-Miqdād ibn al-Aswad, Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, and Salmān al-Fārisī. In another report it said that they were seventeen, some of them were: ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir, Jābir ibn ‘Abd Allāh, Ḥajar ibn ‘Adī, Hāshim ibn ‘Utbah, and Khuzaymah ibn Thābit. Moreover, there are many Qur’ānic verses mentioning the hypocrites, indicating their existences in great numbers, among them are:

وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمْ تَعَالَوْا إِلَى مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ وَإِلَى الرَّسُولِ

رَأَيْتَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ يَصُدُّونَ عَنْكَ صُدُودًا (النساء:61)

 And when it is said to them: “Come to what Allah has sent down and to the Messenger (Muhammad s.a.w.),” you see

 the hypocrites turn away from you with aversion (Q. 4:61)

وَإِذْ يَقُولُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ وَالَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ مَرَضٌ مَا وَعَدَنَا اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ إِلَّا

غُرُورًا. وَإِذْ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ يَا أَهْلَ يَثْرِبَ لَا مُقَامَ لَكُمْ فَارْجِعُوا وَيَسْتَأْذِنُ

فَرِيقٌ مِنْهُمُ النَّبِيَّ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَةٌ وَمَا هِيَ بِعَوْرَةٍ إِنْ

يُرِيدُونَ إِلَّا فِرَارًا (الأحزاب:12-13)

 And when the hypocrites and those in whose hearts is

 a disease (of doubts) said: “Allah and His Messenger

 promised us nothing but delusion. And when a party of

 them said: “O people of Yathrib (al-Madinah)! There is

  no stand (possible) for you (against the enemy attack!) Therefore, go back!” And a band of them ask for

 permission of the Prophet saying: “Truly, our homes

 lie open (to the enemy).” And they lay not open.

They but wished to flee. (Q. 33:12-13)

أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى الَّذِينَ نَافَقُوا يَقُولُونَ لِإِخْوَانِهِمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ

لَئِنْ أُخْرِجْتُمْ لَنَخْرُجَنَّ مَعَكُمْ وَلَا نُطِيعُ فِيكُمْ أَحَدًا أَبَدًا وَإِنْ قُوتِلْتُمْ

لَنَنْصُرَنَّكُمْ وَاللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ إِنَّهُمْ لَكَاذِبُونَ (الحشر:11)

Have you (O Muhammad) not observed the hypocrites

 who say to their friends among the people of the Scripture

 who disbelieve: (By Allah) if you are expelled, we (too)

 indeed will go out with you, and we shall never obey any

 one against you; and if you area attacked (in fight), we

shall indeed help you.” But Allah is Witness that

 they verily are liars (Q. 59:11)

لَئِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهِ الْمُنَافِقُونَ وَالَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ مَرَضٌ وَالْمُرْجِفُونَ

فِي الْمَدِينَةِ لَنُغْرِيَنَّكَ بِهِمْ ثُمَّ لَا يُجَاوِرُونَكَ فِيهَا إِلَّا قَلِيلًا. مَلْعُونِينَ

أَيْنَمَا ثُقِفُوا أُخِذُوا وَقُتِّلُوا تَقْتِيلًا (الأحزاب: 60-61)

If the hypocrites, and those whose hearts is a disease

 (evil desire for illegal sex),and those who spread false

news among the people in al-Madinah stop not, We shall certainly let you overpower them, then they will not be

 able to stay in it as your neighbors but a little while.

 Accursed, they shall be seized wherever found, and

 killed with a (terrible) slaughter (Q. 33:60-61)

يَحْذَرُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ أَنْ تُنَزَّلَ عَلَيْهِمْ سُورَةٌ تُنَبِّئُهُمْ بِمَا فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ

قُلِ اسْتَهْزِئُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ مُخْرِجٌ مَا تَحْذَرُونَ (التوبة:64)

The hypocrites fear lest a surah (chapter of the Qur’ān)

should be revealed about them, showing them what is in

 their hearts. Say: “(Go ahead and) mock! But certainly

 Allah will bring to light all that you fear.” (Q. 9:64)

          Allah mentioned the existence of hypocrites in Madinah (Q. 9:101), but it was after praising the muhājirīn and the anṣār and those who followed them in their path, and promising them with Paradise, as mentioned earlier (Q. 9:100). He compared the two parties, the believers and the non-believers, the right path and the straying path.

 وَمِمَّنْ حَوْلَكُمْ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ مُنَافِقُونَ وَمِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ مَرَدُوا عَلَى النِّفَاقِ

لَا تَعْلَمُهُمْ نَحْنُ نَعْلَمُهُمْ سَنُعَذِّبُهُمْ مَرَّتَيْنِ ثُمَّ يُرَدُّونَ إِلَى عَذَابٍ عَظِيمٍ.

وَآخَرُونَ اعْتَرَفُوا بِذُنُوبِهِمْ خَلَطُوا عَمَلًا صَالِحًا وَآخَرَ سَيِّئًا عَسَى اللَّهُ

أَنْ يَتُوبَ عَلَيْهِمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (التوبة:101-102)

And among the bedouins around you, some are hypocrites,

 and so are some among the people of al-Madinah who persist in hypocrisy; you (O Muhammad) know them not, We know them. We shall punish them twice, and thereafter they shall

be brought back to a great (horrible) torment. And (there

 are) others who have acknowledged their sins, they have

 mixed a deed that was righteous with another that was

evil. Perhaps Allah will turn them in forgiveness. Surely,

 Allah is Of-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (Q. 9:101-102)

          Here Allah mentioned that some who were not hypocrites, but sinful, acknowledged their sins and mixed their good deeds with bad ones, and Allah would forgive them. Allah also accepted the repentance of the ṣaḥābah in the time of distress (Tabūk) campaign mentioned in Q. 9:117. Starting from verse 38 till the end of the surah the verses mostly dealt with hypocrites and their characters and behaviors.

          As a matter of fact, Allah revealed to the Prophet (ﷺ) one chapter of the Qur’ān called sūrat al-Munāfiqūn (hypocrites, chapter 63) mentioning their characteristics, and exposing their disgracefulness. It contains eleven verses, starting with the hypocrites’ pretending shahādah, falsely bearing witness and acknowledging that the Prophet (ﷺ) was the Messenger of Allah. Its last three verses were directed to the believers to be mindful of their wealth and children while they were still alive, lest they should neglect their duty towards Allah in spending their wealth and educating their children in Islamic way.

          But Allah also revealed one chapter of the Qur’ān called sūrat al-Mu’minūn (the believers, chapter 23) containing 118 verses—the number of its verses is over ten times its number   in chapter 63 of the hypocrites--where the characteristics of true believers are mentioned, such as performing prayers, avoiding evil vain talk, paying charity, etc. The last verse in it is Allah’s advice to the Prophet and the Muslims to ask His forgiveness. He said:

وَقُلْ رَبِّ اغْفِرْ وَارْحَمْ وَأَنْتَ خَيْرُ الرَّاحِمِينَ (المؤمنون:118)

And say (O Muhammad): “My Lord! Forgive and have mercy,

 for You are the Best of those who show mercy” (Q. 23:118)

          Allah mentioned the hypocrites along with their characteristics to make them distinctive from the real believers among the ṣaḥābah, such as their unwillingness to join the Muslim army in their campaigns. But they were the minority. The majority were true believers, joined the army, spending their wealth for the sake of Islam, and were praised in many verses of the Qur’ān.

          It is unlikely that those praised by Allah in the Qur’ān and given good tidings and promise with Paradise, suddenly turned into apostasy after the death of the Prophet (ﷺ), as his struggle in converting people to Islam in 23 years had ended up with failure. Since no Qur’ānic verse abrogating Allah’s statement in praising the ṣaḥābah in the Qur’ān their good reputation remained till the Judgment day.

         According to the Shi’ah’s view what they mean with apostasy, returning to infidelity, is rejecting the imāmah and the wilāyah of ‘Ali after the Prophet (ﷺ) had announced it at Ghadīr Khumm; it is denying or covering the truth--which was the literal meaning of kufr--, and therefore it does not mean that the majority of the ṣaḥābah have left Islam and became infidels. It is like the Prophet’s ḥadīths  when he said:

  لَا تَرْجِعُوا بَعْدِي كُفَّارًا يَضْرِبُ بَعْضُكُمْ رِقَابَ بَعْضٍ (رواه البخاري و مسلم)

 “Do not turnback after me, becoming infidels, hitting each other’s neck  (Reported by al-Bukhārī and Muslim)

It means: “after me do not kill each other like the infidels do.” It is also like the Prophet’s statement when he said:

سِبَابُ الْمُسْلِمِ فُسُوقٌ وَقِتَالُهُ كُفْرٌ (رواه البخاري و مسلم(

Abusing Muslims is an iniquity, and fighting him is

 an infidelity (Reported by al-Bukhārī and Muslim)

          It is unlikely that the Prophet (ﷺ) meant that Ṭalḥah, al-Zubayr, ‘Ā’ishah, Mu‘āwiyah, and ‘Ali had abandoned Islam for their fighting each other. Therefore, the term kufr which literally means “covering” in the ḥadīths means “denying the truth, and not denying the two shahādah, namely, belief in Allah and His Messenger” (الكفر بالحق لا الكفر بالشهادتين).

          The term kufr  (كُفْر)literally means: “cover, hide”. Technically, it means disbelieving in Allah and His Messenger: it could be accompanied with denial or not, with doubt or aversion, envy, arrogance, or following some inclination preventing from following the Message of Islam.

          There are two types of kufr (disbelief): major kufr and minor kufr. Major kufr is when a person is no longer considered a Muslim, has left Islam and becomes an apostate. Minor kufr is when a person commits a grave sin, but still remains Muslim, like neglecting the obligatory prayers, and swearing with other than Allah. Major kufr is divided into five categories, as follows:

1.    Disbelief with denial  (كفر التكذيب), as in the following verse:

وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا أَوْ كَذَّبَ بِالْحَقِّ لَمَّا

 جَاءَهُ أَلَيْسَ فِي جَهَنَّمَ مَثْوًى لِلْكَافِرِينَ (العنكبوت: 68) 

And who does more wrong than he who invents a lie against Allah or denies the truth (Muhammad and his doctrine of Islamic Monotheism and this Qur’ān), when

it comes to him? Is there not a dwelling in Hell for the disbelievers (in the Oneness of Allah and in His

 Messenger Muhammad?) (Q. 29:68)

2.    Disbelief with rejection and pride, (كفر الإباء والاستكبار), such as the disbelief of Iblīs, as mentioned in the following verse:    

وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ اسْجُدُوا لِآدَمَ فَسَجَدُوا إِلَّا إِبْلِيسَ

أَبَى وَاسْتَكْبَرَ وَكَانَ مِنَ الْكَافِرِينَ (البقرة: 34)

And (remember) when We said to the angels:

 “Prostrate yourselves before Adam.” And they

 prostrated except Iblīs (Satan), he refused and

was proud and was one of the disbelievers

 (disobedient to Allah) (Q. 2:34)

3.    Disbelief in assumption(كفرالظن)  , as mentioned in the Qur’ān as follows:

وَدَخَلَ جَنَّتَهُ وَهُوَ ظَالِمٌ لِنَفْسِهِ قَالَ مَا أَظُنُّ أَنْ تَبِيدَ هَذِهِ أَبَدًا. وَمَا أَظُنُّ السَّاعَةَ

قَائِمَةً وَلَئِنْ رُدِدْتُ إِلَى رَبِّي لَأَجِدَنَّ خَيْرًا مِنْهَا مُنْقَلَبًا (الكهف:35- 36)  

 And he went to his garden while in a state (of pride and disbelief), unjust to himself. He said: “I think not that this

will ever perish. And I think not the Hour will ever come,

and if indeed I am brought back to my Lord (on the Day

of Resurrection), I surely shall find better than this

 when I return to Him.” (Q. 18:35-36)

4.    Disbelief with aversion (كفر الإعراض) , as in this verse:

... وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا عَمَّا أُنْذِرُوا مُعْرِضُونَ (الأحقاف:3)

... But those who disbelieve, turn away from

that whereof they are warned (Q. 46:3)

5.    Disbelief with hypocrisy (كفر النفاق), as in the following verse:

ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ آمَنُوا ثُمَّ كَفَرُوا فَطُبِعَ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ فَهُمْ لَا يَفْقَهُونَ (المنافقون: 3)

That is because they believed, and then disbelieved; therefore their hearts are sealed, so they understand not. (Q. 63:3)

          Minor kufr is a practical disbelief, where a man remains Muslim, despite committing grave sin, such as denying Allah’s blessings (kufral-ni‘mah), fighting Muslim brothers mentioned in the ḥadīths above, and denying the imāmah of ‘Ali, claimed by the  Shi’is, who claimed themselves to be “true believers.”

 (CIVIC, 16 December, 2016)         

المراجع:

 المكتبة الشاملة

تفسير الطبري (ت. 310 هـ(

تفسير القرطبى (ت. 671 هـ (                                                                 

تفسير ابن كثير (ت. 774 هـ)

http://www.aqaed.com/faq/641/

http://madrasato-mohammed.com/mawsoaat_tawheed_03/ pg_011_0004.htm              

http://www.shiaweb.org/v2/news/article_87.html