Saturday, September 14, 2013

SELECTED KHUTAB I (a)





 



S E L E C T E D

 

K  H  U T. A  B     I



 (SERMONS & SPEECHES)


&


W R I T I N G S



*

BY

MUHAMMAD AMIN A.SAMAD















CONTENTS

Table of Contents ..............................................................                                 ii
Introduction …………………………….………………           .                       iv
Introduction to Second Edition  …………………..…….                                 v
The Significance of the Khut.bah …………..…………...                                 vii
How to Perform the First Khut.bah ……….…………….                                  ix
How to Perform the Second Khut.bah  ….………………                                 x
1.      The Truth ………………………………………….…                              1
2.      Yaqīn (Certainty) ……………………………….……                                3
3.      The Second View …………………………………                                   7
4.      ‘Umar, the Second Caliph …………………………                                   8
5.        Human Souls (Spirits)  …………………………                                      10
6.        Good Conduct …………………………………                                        13
7.      Arrogance …………………………………………                                     17
8.      Sound Heart ……………………………………….                                    20
9.       As.h.āb al-Ukhdūd (The makers of-the Pit of Fire…..                                 22
10.  The Position of Fuqahā'  (Muslim Jurists) …….…                                    25
11.  Balā’ …………………………………………….………                           31
12.  Kufr (Infidelity) ………………………………..….                                    34
13.  Fitnah                    ……………………………….                                     40
14.  Salmān al-Fārisī (the Persian)   ……………………                                    47
15.  ‘Abd Allāh bin Ubay ………………………………                                   50
16.  The Battle of  Uh.ud  (1) ………………..…………                                    56
17.  The Battle of Uh.ud  (2) ………………………..….                                    58
18.  The Battle of Uh.ud  (3) ………. …………………..                                   61
19.  Prophet Muhammad’s Miracles ………………..…                                    64
20.  The Qur’ān’s Prophecy (1) ………… …………….                                   67
21.  The Qur’ān’s Prophecy (2) ………………………..                                   72
22.  The Constricted Breast       ………….……….…..                                    76
23.  Water Cycle ………………………………………                                    80
24.  Isrā’ and Mi‘rāj …………………….. ……………                                   81
25.  Fasting in Islam (1)            …………………………….                              89
26.  Fasting in Islam (2)            …………………………….                              91
27.  Fasting and Health…………………………….…..                                     97
28.  ‘Īd al-Fit.r ………………………………….………                                  102
29.  ‘Id al-Ad.h.ā ……………………………….………                                    105
30.  Engagement & Marriage …………………….                                  112
















INTRODUCTION
 بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيْم
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

This booklet Khut.ab (sing. Khut.bah) is intended to assist our readers who are preparing their khut.bah (sermon) or speeches and to those who are interested in learning more about Islam.  It contains a collection of selected khut.ab (sermons) and speeches delivered at Lac la Biche, Alberta—where I became an imām (minister) from December 1982 till June, 1983—and Edmonton, Alberta—where I became a secretary of the Canadian Islamic Centre (al-Rashid Mosque) from June 1985 till October, 1988, and where I assisted Imam Youssef Chebli and took his place during his absence.
            Originally, the khut.ab were divided into two parts: the first part was in Arabic, while the second part was in English.  Since I do not include the Arabic texts in this booklet, the English texts can be used in the first khut.bah (sermon), while the second one is used from the du‘ā’ (supplication) only.
            Some of my articles in the newsletter of the Canadian Islamic Centre are also included in this booklet.  Hopefully they will be useful to the readers.
            I admit that this booklet is far from being perfect. Hopefully, the improvement will be made in the near future.  Your suggestion and advice will be highly appreciated.
            My gratitude and appreciation go to Br. Axel Mohamed Knoenagel and Br. Abu Dhar Parry for their help in correcting and proofreading the manuscript. May Allah reward them for their help.
            Finally, as I am leaving for Australia on October 27, 1988, I take this opportunity to say “good bye” to all my friends and colleagues whose companionship I enjoyed.  I shall miss you all, but you will remain in my heart.  May Allah reward your kindness to me during my stay with you in this beautiful country, Canada, and in this beautiful province, Alberta.
            May Allah accept this humble service to Islam, āmīn!!!


Edmonton, October 1988/Rabī‘ al-Awwal, 1408

Muhammad Amin Abdul-Samad

INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION
بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيْم
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
           
            This is the second edition of the booklet Khut.ab printed a decade ago. In this edition some corrections and revision have been made. Like in the first edition the translation of Qur’ānic verses in this second edition is also based mainly on that of Abdullah Yusuf Ali and occasionally on that of Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall. However, as A.Y. Ali’s translation of the Qur’ān has been revised I have followed this revised translation.
A.Y. Ali’s translation of the Qur’ān was edited and revised by  the Presidency of Islamic Researches, IFTA Call and Guidance in Saudi Arabia (ca. 1980 C.E.) where a group of Muslim scholars were involved in this task.  One of the most conspicuous revision was  the replacement of the word “God “ with  “Allah”.  This is probably to emphasize that the proper  name of God among Muslims is “Allah”, and therefore should not be translated.  This is one view among Muslim scholars.
Another view says that “Allah” is the Arabic name for “God” in English.  The Christian Arabs, for example, use the term “Allah” in their language. So the Jews worship “Elohim”,  the French people  “le Dieu”, the Germans “der Got”, and the Italians “il Dio”. This might be the reason why some translators of the Qur’ān translate the name Allah into the languages they are using in their translation.
The Arabic word for “son of” is إبْن (ibn) or بِنْ (bin, which is   spelled Ben in English) and abbreviated as “b.” are all used in this booklet.  For example, ‘Abdullah b. ‘Umar, Abdullah ibn ‘Umar, and Ibn ‘Umar are used. The term Ibn is used when the father’s (or forefather’s) name is used only without mentioning the personal name, such as Ibn ‘Umar, mentioned above.
In this edition I use transliteration of the Arabic words and names based on combination of two slightly different systems of teransliteration: the one used by the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. and the other by the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill university in Montreal, Canada. For example, the term إسْلامِيَّة is transliteraterd as islāmiyyah (with double y and h representing the tā’ marbūt.ah) rather than islāmīyah (McGill), or islāmiyya (Library of Congress).  Some exceptions, however, are given to names which are too familiar in the English language spelling, such as “Abdullah”, which can be also written and transliteraed as ‘Abd Allāh, “Omar” with ‘Umar, “Ali” with “‘Alī”. Both are still used in this edition.
Since the Muslims do not believe in the divinity of Jesus, although they believe him as one of the great prophet of God,  C.E. (Christian Era) is used rather than A.D. (Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord, meaning Jesus). B.C. (Before Christ) is still used, and for the Islamic calender, A.H. (Anno Hijrah, in the year of the Prophet’s migration to Madinah). If both Christian and Islamic calendars are used, the Islamic calender is used first without mentioning A.H. or C.E.  For example, Abū Hurayrah (d. 58/677), means that the Prophet’s companion Abū Hurayrah died in 58 A.H. corresponding to 677 C.E.
The abbreviation p.b.u.h. (peace be upon him) is ued after the name of Allah’s prophets to show love and respect towards them. In Arabic, صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمْ (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is used after ther Prophet’s name, whereas after other prophets it is used عَلَيْهِ السَّلامْ  (peace be upon him).
It is unfortunate that the Arabic texts in this booklet cannot be easily vowelized (vocalized) in the computer. To do it manually would not be very clear and efficient. Therefore, I highly recommend you to refer the Qur’ānic texts to the Qur’ān itself if you have difficulty in reading these divine texts in this booklet. Otherwise, just read the translation. With regard to other Arabic texts you can skip them if you cannot get any help from anywhere.
To err is human, and nobody is perfect.  I know that this booklet is far from perfect, even in its second editon. But if you are  satsified with the basic information you get from it and happy to pass it to others in you sermon or in any occasion, I would think that I have achieved my goal through this booklet.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and high appreciation to Mrs. Clare Bailey of the WISE employment office at Camberwell for her asistance, expecially in proofreading this revised booklet. I also appreciate the friendship and companionship of many of Indonesians students as well as residents in Melbourne. Thank you  all for your kindness.
Melbourne, September, 2000 
                          Muhammad Amin A. Samad
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE KHUT.BAH
            Khut.bah literally means a speech.  Technically, it is a sermon delivered at the congregation in the mosque, especially on Friday before performing the congregational prayer.  The khut.bah is a part of the prayer and therefore it has to be performed properly.  It is divided into two parts.  The first part contains exhortation to the Muslims to stick to their religion, to do good and to avoid evil.  It also contains teachings about Islam and contemporary issues concerning Islam and the Muslims.  The second khut.bah contains du’a (supplication) for all Muslims.
            Khut.bah is also delivered after performing the ‘Īd prayer: ‘Īd al- Fit.r (festival of break-fasting) and ‘Īd al-Ad.h.ā (festival of sacrifice).  However, this khut.bah is not a part of the id-prayer.  Therefore, people who cannot stay because of extreme necessity to leave can go, although this practice is not recommended.
            Contrary to the Friday khut.bah, ‘Īd khut.bah is neither started with the ādhān (calling for prayer) nor concluded with iqāmah (calling to start praying).  After all, there is no prayer after the ‘Īd khut.bah.  The prayer has been done before the khut.bah.  This is the main difference between the Friday khut.bah and the‘Īd khut.bah.
Since the introductory part of the ‘Īd khut.bah is different from that of the Friday khut.bah I am including one khut.bah for the ‘Īd al- Fit.r and ‘Īd al-Ad.h.ā with its introductory section in this booklet.  You will notice that the introductory section starts with takbīr, namely, glorifying Allah by saying Allāhu Akbar (Allah is the Greatest)

With regard to the ordinary khut.bah, if you like to have an introductory section, the common pattern used after saying the greeting assalāmu ‘alaykum, which means “peace be upon you”; if you like, you can add with wa rah.matullāh wa barakātuh, which means “and the mercy of Allah and His blessings,” is as follows:

أَلْحَمْدُ ِللهِ رَبِّ اْلعَالمَيِنْ, وَالصَّلاَةُ وَالسَّلاَمُ عَلىَ أَشْرَفِ اْلمُرْسَلِيْن, سَيِّدِنَا مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ  أَجْمَعِيْن.
 أَمَّا بَعْد : 
If you want to conclude your speech it is sufficient to repeat the same greeting mentioned above, namely, assalāmu ‘alaykum.

Having this booklet in your hand,  you will have no excuse any longer in not performing the congregational Friday and ‘Īd prayers in your area.






HOW TO PERFORM THE FIRST KHUT.BAH
If you are in charge of performing the khut.bah come to the pulpit (or the place where you should stand) and say the greeting, السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَ رَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَ بَرَكَاتُه (assalāmu ‘alaykum wa rah.matullāh wa barakātuh).  Then sit down.  Somebody will do the the ādhān (call for prayer).  From now on, everyone should listen to your khut.bah. Nobody is allowed to talk to each other or to start any prayer.  However, those who have not completed their prayers should continue and those who just arrive should perform their tah.iyyat al-masjid prayer, except if they are following the H...anafī or the Mālikī school.  The new comers should say the greeting assalāmu ‘alaykum slowly to themselves only so that not to disturb the audience who are listening to the khut.bah.
            When the ādhān is over, stand up and say the introductory section of the first khut.bah which should contain: tah.mīd (praise), i.e., saying أَلْحَمْدُ ِلله  (praise be to Allah), the shahādatayn, i.e.,أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُوْلُ الله  (I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah), and s.alāwah, i.e., asking the blessing of Allah on Prophet Muhammad by saying اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّد   (O Allah, give Your blessing on Prophet Muhammad). The shortest introductory section of the khut.bah (the first or the second) will be as follows:
  أَلْحَمْدُ ِلله وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ  مُحَمَّدًا رَسُوْلُ الله  
 اللَّهَُّم صَلِّ وَسَلِّمْ عَلَى سَيَّدِنَا مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلىَ آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ أجْمَعِْين.
 For your convenience I give seven examples of the introductory khut.bah. The last one deals with the birthday of the Prophet.
۱- أَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهْ , نَحْمَدُهُ وَ نَسْتَـعِيْنُهُ وَ نَسْتَـغْفِرُهُ وَ نَسْتَهْدِيْهِ وَ نُؤْمِنُ بِهِ وَ نَتَوَكَّلُ عَلَيْهُ وَ نَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنْ شُرُوْرِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَمِنْ سَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا. مَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَهُوَ الْمُهْتَدِ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلَنْ تَجِدَ لَهُ وَلِيًّا مُرْشِدًا. وَ  أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ, وَأَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُوْلُه, بَعَثَهُ اللهُ بَشِيْرًا وَ نَذِيْرًا وَدَاعِيًا إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِرَاجًا مُنِيرًا. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ عَبْدِكَ وَ رَسُوْلِكَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِيْن. أَمَّا بَعْــدُ
‌‌۲-‌‌ أَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهْ , نَحْمَدُهُ وَ نَسْتَـعِيْنُهُ وَ نَسْتَـغْفِرُهُ وَ نَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنْ شُرُوْرِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَ مِنْ سَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا. مَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَلاَ مُضِلَّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ هاَدِيَ لَهُ. وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَ رَسُوْلُه أَرْسَلَهُ بِالْحَقَّ بَشِيْرًا وَ نَذِيْرًا بَينَ يَدَيْ السَّاعَة. مَنْ يُطِعِ اللّهَ وَ رَسُوْلَهُ فَقَدْ رَشَدَ. وَ مَنْ يَعْصِهِمَا فَإِنَّه لَا يَضُر ُّإلاَّ نَفْسَهُ وَ لَا يَضُرُّ اللهَ شَيْئًا. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ عَبْدِكَ وَ رَسُوْلِكَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِيْن. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَصَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِيْن. أَمَّا بَعْــدُ
 ٣- أَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهْ , نَحْمَدُهُ وَ نَسْتَـعِيْنُهُ وَ نَسْتَـغْفِرُهُ  وَ نَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنْ شُرُوْرِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَ مِنْ سَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا. مَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَلاَ مُضِلَ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ هَادِيَ لَهُ.  وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَ رَسُوْلُه أَرْسَلَهُ بِالْحَقَّ بَشِيْرًا وَ نَذِيْرًا بَينَ يَدَيْ السَّاعَة. مَنْ يُطِعِ اللّهَ وَ رَسُوْلَهُ فَقَدْ رَشَدَ. وَ مَنْ يَعْصِهِمَا فَإِنَّه لَا يَضُر ُّإلاَّ نَفْسَهُ وَ لَا يَضُرُّ اللهَ شَيْئًا. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِيْن. أَماَّ بَعْدُ  
٤- اَْلْحَمْدُ ِللهِ حَمْدًا يَنْبَغِيْ لِجَلاَلِ وَجْهِهِ وَعَظِيْمِ سُلْطَانِه. وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُوْلُ اللهِ صَفْوَةُ أصْفِيَائه. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِيْن. أَماَّ بَعْدُ      
 ٥- أَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِيْ جَعَلَ اْلمَوْتَ رَاحَةً لِلْأَبْرَارِ يَنْقُلُهُمْ مِنْ دَارِ ْالهُمُوْمِ وَاْلبَلاَءِ وَاْلأَكْدَارِ, دَارِاْلبَأْسِ وَالضَّرَّاءِ وَاْلَأخْطَارِ إِلىَ دَارِ الرَّاحَةِ وَ الْفَرَحِ وَ اْلِاسْتِبْشَارِ دَارِ الْخُلْدِ وَ اْلبَقَاءِ وَ اْلقَرَارْ. وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ, يَخْلُقُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَ يَخْتَارْ. وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ الْمُصْطَفَى اْلمُخْتَار. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ عَبْدِكَ وَ رَسُوْلِكَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ أَجْمَعِيْن . أَمَّا بَعْــدُ
٦- اَْلْحَمْدُ ِللهِ الْوَاحِدِ الْقَهَّار, غَافِرِ الذَّنْبِ شَدِيْدِ الْعِقَابِ, نَحْمَدُهُ وَ نَسْتَـعِيْنُهُ وَ نَسْتَـغْفِرُهُ وَنَسْتَهْدِيْهِ, وَنَعُوْذُ بِاللهِ مِنْ شُرُوْرِ أَنْفُسِنَا وَ مِنْ سَيِّئَاتِ أَعْمَالِنَا. مَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَلاَ مُضِلَّ لَهُ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلاَ هاَدِيَ لَهُ. وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيْكَ لَهُ, تَبَارَكَ اسْمُهُ وَ عَلاَ شَأْنُهُ, وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَ رَسُوْلُه وَصَفِيُّهُ وَ خَلِيْلُهُ, سَلَّ الرِّسَالَةَ وَ أَدَّى اْلأَمَانَةَ وَ نَصَحَ الْأُمَّةَ. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ عَلىَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ وَمَنِ اهْتَدى بِهَدْيِهِ وِ اسْتَمْسَكَ بِسُنَّتِهِ وَسَلِّمْ تَسْلِيْمًا كَثِيْرًا, أَمَّا بَعْدُ 
٧. أَلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ, جَعَلَ مِيْلاَدَ الرَّسُوْلِ فَضْلاً وَنِعْمَةً وَهُدًى وَرَحْمَةً. وَ أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إَلهَ إِلَّا الله وَ أَشْهَدُ أنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَ رَسُوْلُهُ الَّذِيْ رَفَعَ اللهُ ذِكْرَهُ وَ أَعْلىَ قَدْرَهُ. اللّهُمَّ صَلِّ وَ سَلِّمْ  وَ بَارِكْ عَلىَ سَيِّدِناَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ عَلَى آلِهِ وَ صَحْبِهِ وَالتَّابِعِين. أَمَّا بَعْــدُ

You may add the word ammā  ba‘d ("now to the point") after saying he introductory khut.bah as mentioned above.
As the khut.bah should contain a Qur’ānic verse and advice (was.iyyah) to the Muslims many people say after the introductory khut.bah the following: 
أَيُّهَا اْلمُسْلِمُوْن, أُوْصِيْكُمْ وَإيَّايَ بِتَقْوَى اللهِ فَقَدْ فَازَ اْلمُتَّقُوْنِ. قَالَ اللهُ تَعَالىَ:  
"يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ حَقَّ تُقَاتِهِ وَلَا تَمُوتُنَّ إِلَّا وَأَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ"
َ      (آل عمران : ‌۲ ‍‍٠۱)
The meaning: “O believers, I advise you and myself to fear Allah, for those who fear Him will prosper.  Allah says, ‘O ye who believe! Fear Allah as He should be feared, and die not except in a state of Islam’” (Qur’ān, Āl-‘Imrān 3:102).
            Now, you can choose a suitable topic in this booklet.  Then read the following supplication and then sit down.
بَارَكَ اللهُ لِيْ وَ لَكُمْ قِي ْالقُرْآنِ اْلعَظِيْم, وَ نَفَعَنِيْ وَ إِيَّاكُمْ بِماَ فِيْهِ مِنً اْلآيَاتِ وَ الذِّكْرِ اْلحَكِيْمِ , أَقُوْلُ قَوْلِي هَذَا وَ اسْتَغْفِرُ اللهَ لِي وَ لَكُمْ وَ لِسَائِرِ اْلمُسْلِمِيْنَ مِنْ كُلِّ ذَنْبٍ , فَاسْتَغْفِرُوْهُ, إِنَّهُ هُوَ اْلغَفُوْرُ الرَّحِيْم.
            While you are sitting about one minute or so you can read a short du’a for yourself slowly, then stand up again. Now you are ready for the second khut.bah.








TO PERFORM THE SECOND KHUT.BAH
After performing the first khut.bah stand up again and say again the introductory section of the khut.bah.  You can continue with your topic if you like, but it should be short to make room for the supplication.
            You can choose any supplication you like, but it should contain a supplication for the Muslims or the believers also instead of just praying for yourselves.  Some of these supplications are as follows:
أَللّّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِلْمٌسْلِمِيْنَ وَ اْلمُسْلِمَاتِ وَ اْلمُؤْمِنِيْنَ وَ اْلمُؤْمِنَاتِ اْلأَحْيَاءِ مِنْهُمْ وَ اْلأَمْوَاتِ, إنَّكَ سَمِيْعٌ قَرِيْبٌ مُجِيْبُ الدَّعَوَاتِ وَ قَاضِيُ الْحَاجَات.        
أَللَّهُمَّ أَصْلِحْ لَنَا دِيْنَنَا الَّذِي هُوَ عِصْمَةُ أَمْرِناَ, وَ أَصْلِحْ لَنَا دٌنْيَانَا التَّيِ إلَيْهَا مَعَاشُنَا, وَ أَصْلِحْ لَنَا آخِرَتَنَا الَّتِي إلَيْهَا مَعَادُنَا . وَاجْعَلِ اْلحَيَاةَ زِيَادَةً لَنَا فِي كُلِّ خَيْرٍ, وَ اجْعَلِ اْلمَوْتَ رَاحَةً لَنَا مِنْ كُلِّ شَرٍّ.    
أَللَّهُمَّ أَصْلِحْ وُلَاةَ أُمُوْرِنَا, وَ اجْعَلْ وِلَايَتَنَا فِيْمَنْ خَافَكَ وَ اتَّقَاكَ وَ اتَّبَعَ رِضَاكَ يَا رَبَّ الْعَالمَيِنْ.
 أَللَّهُمَّ نَوِّرْ عَلَى أَهْلِ اْلقُبُوْرِ قُبُوْرَهُمْ , أَللَّهُمَّ اْغفِرْ لِلْأحْيَاءِ وَيَسِّرْ لَهُمْ أُمُوْرَهُمْ.
 أَللَّهُمَّ تُبْ عَلىَ التَّائِبِيْنَ وَ اْغِفرْ ذُنُوْبَ اْلمُذْنِبِيْن وَ اْشفِ مَرْضَى اْلمُسْلِمِيْنَ وَ اكْتُبِ الصِّحَّةَ وَ اْلعَافِيَةَ وَ التَّوْفِيْقَ   وَ اْلهِدَايَةَ لَنَا وَ لِكَافَةِ أُمَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ أَجْمَعِيْن.           
 أَلَّلهُمَّ ارْفَعْ مَقْتَكَ وَ غَضَبَكَ عَنَّا , وَ لَا تُؤَاخِذْنَا بِمَا فَعَلَ الْسُّفَهَاءُ مِنَّا , وَاْقضِ حَوَائِجَ السَّائِلِيْن.
 أَللَّهُمَّ أَعِزِّ الإسْلاَمَ وَ اْلمُسْلِمِيْنَ وَ أَذِلِّ الشِّرْكَ وَ الْمُشْرِكِيْنَ وَدَمِّرْ وَ أَهْلِكْ أَعْدَاءَكَ أَعْدَاءَ الدِّيْن.
أَللَّهُمَّ أَرِنَا الْحَقَّ حَقًّا وَ ارْزُقْنَا اتِّبَاعَهُ وَ أَرِنَا البَاطِلَ بَاطِلاً وَارْزُقْنَا اجْتِنَابَهُ.
أَللَّهُمَّ وَحِّدْ صُفُوْفَ الْمُسْلِمِيْنَ وَوَحِّدْ كَلِمَتَهُمْ وَانْصُرْهُمْ عَلَى أَعْدَائِهِمْ.
أَللَّهُمَّ آمِنَّا فِيْ أَوْطَانِنَا وَ أَصْلِحْ وُلاَةَ أُمُوْرِنَا وَلاَ تُسَلِّطْ عَلَيْنَا بِذُنُبِنَا مَنْ لَا يَخَافُكَ وَلاَ يَرْحَمْنَا.
رَبَّنَا لَا تُؤَاخِذْنَا إِنْ نَسِْينَا أَوْ أَخْطَأْنَا رَبَّنَا وَلَا تَحْمِلْ عَلَيْنَا إِصْرًا كَمَا حَمَلْتَهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِنَا رَبَّنَا وَلَا ُحَمِّلْنَا مَا لَا طَاقَةَ لَنَا بِهِ وَاعْفُ عَنَّا وَاغْفِرْ لَنَا وَارْحَمْنَا أَنْتَ مَوْلَانَا فَانْصُرْنَا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ.       
رَبَّنَا هَبْ لَنَا مِنْ أَزْوَاجِنَا وَذُرِّيَّاتِنَا قُرَّةَ أَعْيُنٍ وَاجْعَلْنَا لِلْمُتَّقِينَ إِمَامًا.
            رَبَّنَا آتِنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَفِي الْآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ. 


            After citing the du‘ā’ (supplication) you conclude the khut.bah with the following (optional):
 عِبَادَ الله, إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ وَإِيتَاءِ ذِي الْقُرْبَى وَيَنْهَى عَنِ الْفَحْشَاءِ وَالْمُنْكَرِ وَالْبَغْيِ يَعِظُكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ.
 اُذْكُرُوْا اللهَ يَذْكُرُكُمْ, وَاشْكُرُوْهُ عَلىَ نِعَمِهِ يَزِدْكُمْ, وَلَذِكْرُ اللَّهِ أَكْبَرُ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَصْنَعُونَ.
 أَقِمِ الصَّلَاةَ!  
After citing this conclusion, step down the pulpit and your khut.bah becomes complete. 

Friday, August 2, 2013

RAMADAN (5)



RAMADAN (5)
          Slavery had been known since ancient time. It had been established as an institution in the time of Hammurabi (ca. 1760 BC).   
Slaves are persons either taken as prisoners of war as captives, or bought. Islam is against slavery, but it abolishes it gradually. Muslims are highly recommended to free their slaves. However, there are some penalties for killing a Muslim unintentionally with freeing a slave and paying blood-money (Q. 4:92). Moreover, slaves have a share in zakat to free them, until there is no more slave to free.
In 1863 President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which freed slaves in held in Confederate state. Later, in 1948 UN Article 4 of the Declaration of Human Rights bans slavery globally. The last country which abolished slavery is Mauritania in 1981. Although slavery has been abolished and banned and now is officially illegal in all nations, slavery or practices akin to it is still going on, and zakat is one of many means to fight this slavery in disguise as well as poverty. Dead Muslims who are leaving his family with a burden of debt has also a share in zakat to relieve him from this burden.
The month of Ramadan is the month of revelation. Imam Ibn Kathīr explains the virtue of Ramadan and the revelation of the Qur’an in it: "Allah praised Ramadan out of the other months by choosing it to send down the Glorious Qur’an, just as He did for all of the Divine Books He revealed to the Prophet. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal reported Wāthilah ibn al-Asqa‘  that Allah’s Messenger said: 
أُنْزِلَتْ صُحُفُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَام فِي أَوَّلِ لَيْلَةٍ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ وَأُنْزِلَتْ
التَّوْرَاةُ لِسِتٍّ مَضَيْنَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ وَالْإِنْجِيلُ لِثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ خَلَتْ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ
 وَأُنْزِلَ الْفُرْقَانُ لِأَرْبَعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ خَلَتْ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ
The Ṣuḥuf (Pages) of Ibrahim were revealed during the
first night of Ramadan. The Torah was revealed during the
sixth night of Ramadan. The Injil (the Gospel) was revealed
during the thirteenth night of Ramadan. Allah revealed
the Qur'an  on the twenty-fourth night of Ramadan .
 (Musnad Aḥmad , 4: 107)
There are many major historical events occurred in the month of Ramadan, among which are as follows:
1.      Zakāt al-Fiṭr (2 AH) enjoined to every Muslim who has enough provision for a day and a night. This means, even the poor who have enough food to survive for 24 hours have to pay it. At the night of the ‘Id day a poor person would visit his poor neighbour bringing with him his zakat. As they themselves are poor they exchange zakat.
2.  The Battle of Badr, (17 Ramadan, 2 AH). This war involves 313 members of the Muslim army to deal with 1,000Makkan idolaters. In this war, the Muslim army won the battle with the pagans killed 70 soldiers, 70 more captured. The rest fled.
3.  The Battle of the Trench (Ramadan-Shawwal 5 AH), the siege Madinah by the Makkan confederates with 10.000 fighters the maximum number they could have with the intention to finish the Muslims once and for all. Suggested by Salmān al-Fārisī trenches were dug along the Northern part of Madinah to prevent the horsemen from being able to attack which took 9 or 10 days to finish. The trench was 5544 meters long, its average width was 4.62 meters, and its average depth was 3.34 meter. No real fighting took place, except a limited duels and skirmishes. Sa‘d ibn ‘Ubādah was injured by an arrow and was taken to a special place near the mosque. The siege lasted for one month, and Allah sent a strong wind that uprooted their tents, and extinguished their fires. The army retreated in the dark.
4.  The conquest of Makkah (10-20 Ramadan 8 AH). The Prophet with his army comprised of 10, 000 Muslims entered Makkah as a victor on 20 Ramadan and destroyed 360 idols around the Ka‘bah. Five days before the end of Ramadan in the 9H, the Prophet sent Khalid bin Walid to destroy the statue al ‘Uzzā the largest statue of the goddess at Nakhla. He sent ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ᾱṣ to destroy al-Lāt, and Sa ‘d ibn Zayd al-Ashhalī to destroy Manāt.
5.  The capture of the Safed fortress from the Crusaders in Ramadan 584 AH (30 August, 1179CE) by Sultan Saladin al-Ayyūbī.
6.  . Liberation of Andalusia (Muslim Spain) in Ramadan 93 AH. The Umayyad Caliph ‘Abd al-Malik appointed Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr as ruler of Maghrib (Morocco), who later conquered Tangiers. He then appointed Tariq ibn Ziyad to lead the protected area. With twelve-thousand soldiers Tariq was engaged with the army of the enemy at two nights before the end of Ramadan 92 AH. The battle occurred eight days, ending with the victory of the Muslim army. One year later, in Ramadan 93 AH, Mūsā ibn Nuṣayr entered Andalusia with 18.000 soldiers, and conquered the neighbouring cities, such as Seville. In Ramadan 138 AH/756 CE ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil entered Andalusia and establish a state which ruled for eight centuries where a civilization unknown before flourished.   
7.  October War (10 Ramadan 1390 AH), also called the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Yom Kippur War,  and Ramadan War (6-22 October 1973), where the Bar Lev Line (named after Israeli general, Haim Ber Lev) in Sinai was captured by the Egyptian army.  
While we are still in the month of Ramadan there are many things we are required to do, such as praying in congregation if possible. Some Muslims observe fasting and tarawih prayer in congregation, but after Ramdan then stop praying. They observe the recommended ones, but they neglect the obligatory ones.
          In order to be better Muslims bad habits which we temporarily abandon during Ramadan should be continued after Ramdan, such as smoking, overeating, and using foul or harsh language. In a ḥadīth the Prophet s.a.w. said:
: " قَالَ اللَّهُ: كُلُّ عَمَلِ ابْنِ آدَمَ لَهُ، إِلَّا الصِّيَامَ، فَإِنَّهُ لِي وَأَنَا أَجْزِي بِهِ،
وَالصِّيَامُ جُنَّةٌ، وَإِذَا كَانَ يَوْمُ صَوْمِ أَحَدِكُمْ فَلاَ يَرْفُثْ وَلاَ يَصْخَبْ، فَإِنْ
سَابَّهُ أَحَدٌ أَوْ قَاتَلَهُ، فَلْيَقُلْ  إِنِّي امْرُؤٌ صَائِمٌ "(رواه البخاري)
Allah said: “All the deeds of Adam’s son (people) are
for him, except fasting which is for Me, and I will give
the reward for it; and fasting  is a shield from Hell-fire  
and if one of you is fasting, he should not use obscenity
that day nor shout; and if someone speaks abusively
or wants to fight with him, he should say:‘Verily,
I am fasting’ (Reported by Bukhari)
          We try to stop smoking and to avoid using obscenity, shouting and speaking abusively during Ramadan, and continue avoiding these habits after Ramadan. Coffee and tea, although both are addictive, they are too delicious, and it would be difficult to quit them, especially coffee. At the end of the 16th century Catholic priests condemned coffee because of its popularity, saying it was an instrument of Satan, the wine of Islam, and an infidel drink. But sensible Pope Clement is reported to have tasted it and exclaimed, “This Satan’s drink is too delicious to let the heathen have it all to themselves. We shall baptize it and make of it a Christian beverage.”
          The Prophet s.a.w. stressed the importance of patience and self-restrain while fasting when he said:
 أَعِفُّوا الصِّيَامَ؛ فَإِنَّ الصِّيَامَ لَيْسَ مِنَ الطَّعَامِ وَلَا مِنَ الشَّرَابِ،
وَلَكِنَّ الصِّيَامَ مِنَ الْمَعَاصِي، فَإِذَا صَامَ أَحَدُكُمْ فَجَهِلَ عَلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ
أَوْ شَتَمَهُ فَلْيَقُلْ: إِنِّي صَائِمٌ (رواه أبو داؤد)
Refrain (from something indecent) while fasting, as
 fasting is not (refrain) from food and drink, but fasting from disobedience; so, if one of you is fasting, and someone is
 behaving foolishly towards him, or is abusing him, he
 should say ‘I am fasting’ (Reported by Dā’ūd)
 Therefore, we should keep refraining from committing disobedience after Ramadan, although we do no fast.
           When we are urged to be generous and to give charity to the needy, especially among our relatives, and to visit them, we should at least continue doing this noble behaviour after Ramadan.
          It is recommended to do i‘tikāf (seclusion in the mosque) at the last ten days of Ramadan, as the Prophet did. He did it after performing the fajr (dawn) prayer. The  i‘tikāf  should be done while fasting and in a mosque where Jum’ah congregational prayer is performed. After Ramadan we can do something like it, staying for a while after performing the obligatory prayer by reading the Qur’an, making some du‘ā’, reciting subḥānallāh (Glory be to Allah),  al-ḥamdu lillāh (Praise be to Allah), and allāhu akbar (Allah is  Great) each thirty-three times, as well as  āyat al-kursī (Q. 2:255).  etc.
          The importance of reciting āyat al-kursī is mentioned in some ḥadīths, where the Prophet said:
مَنْ قَرَأَ آيَةَ الْكُرْسِيِّ فِي دُبُرِ كُلِّ صَلَاةٍ مَكْتُوبَةٍ لَمْ يَمْنَعْهُ مِنْ دُخُولِ
الْجَنَّةِ إِلَّا أَنْ يَمُوتَ  (رواه النسائي و الطبراني)
Whoever reads āyat al-kursī at the end of every
 prescribed prayer, nothing would prevent him from
entering Paradise except death .
(Reported by al-Nasā’ī and al-Ṭabrānī)
In another ḥadīth the Prophet s.a.w. said:      
مَنْ قَرَأَ آيَةَ الْكُرْسِيِّ فِي دُبُرِ الصَّلَاةِ الْمَكْتُوبَةِ كَانَ فِي ذِمَّةِ
اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ حَتَّى الصَّلَاةِ الْأُخْرَى» (رواه الطبراني)
Whoever reads āyat al-kursī at the end of every
prescribed prayer, he would be under Allah’s
 protection until the next (prescribed) prayer.
(Reported by al-Ṭabrānī)
          The Prophet also said,
مَنْ صَامَ رَمَضَانَ إِيمَانًا وَاحْتِسَابًا، غُفِرَ لَهُ مَا تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ ذَنْبِهِ  (متفق عليه)
Whoever observes fasting in Ramadan with
perfect faith and seeking reward, he will his
previous sins forgiven  (Agreed upon)
          This does not mean that by doing this we will become “born again Muslims”, for the following reasons:
a.     It does not include major sins, either committing what is prohibited by Allah, such as: drinking alcohol, adultery, sealing, killing innocent people, etc., or not doing what is enjoined by Allah, such as the five-daily prayers, paying zakat and performing hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah once in one’s life-time) for people who can afford it. This kind of disobedience is only forgiven through repentance and following His injunction.
b.     It does not include our unsettled dealings with our fellow human beings, such as business transactions, paying bills, rents and debts, and our mistakes with them, such as cheating, back-biting, and insulting. We have to pay them and ask forgiveness from them in order to avoid their claim for justice against us in the Judgment Day. Otherwise, we have to pay them by giving them some rewards of our good deeds in this world, and if no more good deed left for us, we shall take the penalty of their bad deeds in this world.
If we hit or abuse someone, and he does not retaliate, although he has the right to do so, it does not mean that he is weak and stupid. He might be smart expecting compensation in the Hereafter where he will take the reward of our good deeds, or give us the penalty of his bad deeds. The consequence is that we are the one who did good deeds, and they got the reward; they are the one who did bad deeds, and we got the punishment.
This is the importance of having two festival days, Id al-Fitr   after fasting in Ramadan, and ‘Id al-Adha commemorating the total obedience of Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son Isma‘il who was also patient to be sacrificed in total obedience to Allah. This is one example of total obedient to Allah, even with something unacceptable to reason. Fasting is nothing compared to this total obedience to Allah. It is unlike Iblīs who disobeyed Allah and argued that he should not bow and show respect to Adam who was created from clay while he was created from fire.
In these two festivals Muslims all over the world get together, greet each other, embrace and hug each other, saying, ‘Īd Mubārak ([I wish you] a Blessing Festival Day), Kull Sanah wa Anta Ṭayyib ([I wish you are] in good condition every year), Min al-‘Ᾱ’idīn wa l-Fā’izīn ([I wish you are] among those who celebrate and those who are successful). To those who are far away from us we contact them through telephone, internet and greeting cards. All of them contain greetings and praying for each other’s well-beings and success. But they miss the most important thing, namely, asking each other’s forgiveness. Malay speaking Indonesian, Malaysian, and Bruneian Muslims do not forget this. They say Mohon Ma’af Lahir-Batin (Please Forgive [me for mistakes I have done to you] obviously (i.e., intentionally] or secretly (i.e., unintentionally). To make it short they say Ma’af Lahir-Batin, and even they just say Lahir-Batin. They say it and they write it in their greeting cards. These two festival days should be the happiest days for us: Allah and our fellow Muslims forgive us. There will be no longer ill-feeling towards each other. (CIVIC, 02.08.13)
 Bibliography:   
 Al-Maktabah al-Shāmilah
 Tafsīfr ibn Kathīr
Dr. Shauqi Abu Khalil (Comp.), Atlas of the Qur’an
 http://islamiceducenter.blogspot.com.au/2012/12/the-month-of-ramadan-is-not-merely-holy.html
http://www.paklinks.com/gs/religion-and-scripture/513545-important-historical-events-which-took-place-in-ramadan.html