10. THE POSITION OF THE ṢAḤĀBAH (3)

10. THE POSITION OF THE ṢAḤĀBAH (3)

8. Those who emigrated in the period between the battle of Badr and the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah, namely, between 17 Ramaḍān 2 AH/13 March 624 AH, and Dhū ‘l-Qi‘dah 6 AH/March 628 CE.

9.    The participants of the Pledge of Riḍwān (أهل بيعة الرضوان). In the month of Dhū ‘l-Qi‘dah 6 AH/March 628 CE the Prophet (ﷺ) accompanied by 1400 Muslims including his wife Ummu Salamah went to Makkah for ‘umrah (minor pilgrimage). They did not carry weapons for fighting, except knives and swords needed and carried by travellers. When they reached Dhū ’l-Ḥulayfah they changed their dress with pilgrims ones to indicate that they were being in the state of iḥrām to let others know that they were coming for ‘umrah, not to fight. But the Makkan Quraysh and many other tribes opposed their coming and completely blocked the road to Makkah. Two hundred horsemen tried to take the Muslims by surprise, but missed them, as they  followed a rocky way.

As several negotiations failed the Prophet (ﷺ) sent ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affān who belonged to one of most powerful families in Makkah who would be expected to protect him. He told Abū Sufyān and other chiefs that they only wanted to perform ‘umrah and go back to Madinah. He also invited them to Islam and told them that Islam would prevail, but they were inflexible, that only ‘Uthman was allowed to perform the ‘umrah which he rejected.

As there was  rumour of the death of ‘Uthmān the Muslims took a solemn pledge that they would stand firm to the death in  the cause of Truth, started by Abū Sinān al-Asadī and Salamah ibn al-Akwa’. All of them pledged except Jad ibn Qays who was of the hypocrites. When ‘Uthmān arrived, he also made the pledge. For this occasion Allah revealed:

لَقَدْ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا

فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ فَأَنْزَلَ السَّكِينَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَثَابَهُمْ فَتْحًا قَرِيبًا (18)

Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers

when they gave their bay‘ah (pledge) to you

(O Muhammad) under the tree (Q. 48:18)

Eventually, a treaty was made, called “The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah” (صلح الحديبية) where the Muslims postponed their pilgrimage to next year and would stay for three days only, and peace for the two parties for ten years. Whoever wanted to join any of the two parties was free to do so. Any figutive from the Quraysh to Muhammad (ﷺ) he should be sent back to the Quraysh, but not vice versa. Despite this double standard, this treaty was called by Allah “a manifest victory”, and history proved it to be true.

10. Those who emigrated to Madinah after the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah and before the conquest of Makkah. In this period Amr Ibn al-‘Āṣ and Khālid ibn al-Walīd came to Madinah to convert to Islam. Khālid’s brother al-Walīd had invited him to Islam in his letter when he was doing the pilgrimage. Abū Hurayrah (603–681 CE) migrated to Madinah with his mother. He had converted to Islam in Makkah at the hand of al- Ṭufayl ibn ‘Amr before coming to Madinah when the Prophet (ﷺ) was in the conquest of Khaybar in 7 AH. Amr Ibn al-‘Āṣ and Khālid ibn al-Walīd were welcomed by the Prophet (ﷺ) who told them that by embracing Islam all previous sins were forgiven. These two warriors later become the Prophet’s generals.

The increase number of converts in this period can be seen by comparing those joined the Prophet (ﷺ) in the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah, and the conquest of Makkah, namely, from 1,400 to 10,000 men with about 8,600 men, over six times increase within two years.

11. Those who converts to Islam at the conquest of Makkah in 20 Ramaḍān 8 AH. Banū Bakr the ally of the Quraysh attacked the Khuzā‘ah tribe who was the ally of the Prophet. Nawfal, the chief of Banū Bakr chased and killed them, even in the sanctuary when blood should not be shed. The Prophet (ﷺ) demanded the Quraysh to pay blood money for the victims of Khuzā‘ah, to terminate their alliance with Banū Bakr, or to consider the truce to have been terminated. Abū Sufyān was sent to Madinah to renew the treaty, but failed.

With 10,000 fighters the Prophet (ﷺ) marched towards Makkah on 10^th of Ramaḍān 8 AH. During his absence Abū Ruḥm al-Ghifārī was to dispose the affairs of the Muslims in Madinah. Accompanied by the Prophet’s uncle al-‘Abbās, Abū Sufyān came to the Prophet. The Prophet told him that it was time for him to bear witness to the Oneness of Allah and his being His prophet. Abū Sufyān begged him for pardon and forgiveness, and would convert to Islam. At al-‘Abbās’s suggestion, the Prophet (ﷺ) proclaimed that whoever entered Abū Sufyān’s house, beside entering the Holy Sanctuary and his own house, would be safe.

Several archenemies of Islam at the conquest of Makkah were forgiven: Waḥshī who had killed the Prophet’s uncle Ḥamzah and Hind who had chewed his liver; Habbār who had attacked and killed the Prophet’s daughter when she was on her way to Makkah to Madinah; Ṣafwān ibn Umayyah who had plotted to kill him, as well as Fūḍālah who had also attempted to kill him while he was doing ṭawāf in the Holy Sanctuary.

Ummu Ḥakīm bint al-Ḥārith, the wife of ‘Ikrimah accepted Islam. She told the Prophet (ﷺ) that her husband ‘Ikrimah had run away to Yemen, fearing his persecution, and asked him to grant   him amnesty. When he did, she looked for him until she reached one of the coasts of Tihāmah, but he had already boarded a ship. As one of the sailors said to him to say “there is none worthy of worship but Allah,” he replied, "It is from this that I am fleeing." As they spoke, Ummu Ḥakīm arrived started waving a cloth and shouted that the Prophet (ﷺ) had forgiven him. So, they came to the Prophet. Before they arrived, the Prophet (ﷺ) had advised his people that ‘Ikrimah was coming, and not to curse his father, Abū Jahl, as cursing would only hurt the living, and would not reach the dead. His conversion to Islam pleased the Prophet. He promised that every expense he bore opposing the Islam, he would spend double that amount in the path of Allah, and every battle he fought opposing it, he would fight double the number of battles in Islam. He participated in all the battles after his conversion to Islam. He was sent by Abū Bakr to lead an army in Yemen, then he was sent to Syria. In the battle Yarmūk in 15/636 70,000 fighters of the enemy were killed, whereas among Muslims, there were 3,000 fighters fell martyrs. In this battlefield Ḥārith ibn Hishām, ‘Ayyāsh bin Abī Rabī‘ah (cousin of Khālid ibn al-Walīd) and ‘Ikrimah were wounded. Ḥārith cried for water. When it was brought to him, he saw   ‘Ikrimah looking at it. He asked the person to give water first to ‘Ikrimah, but when it was brought to ‘Ikrimah, he saw ‘Ayyāsh looking at it. He told him to give it first to ‘Ayyāsh.  But when the water was brought to Ayyāsh, he had died before drinking it. Then the person turned toward ‘Ikrimah and Ḥarith to give them water, but both of them had passed away.

12. Those who convert to Islam after the conquest of Makkah. With the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet (ﷺ) became the de facto ruler of Arabia. Many people embraced Islam, even from distant places came to the Prophet (ﷺ) proclaiming their conversion to Islam. They were all considered ṣaḥābah, including children, and those who saw him and in one occasion or another. Allah refers to it as follows:

إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ. وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا.

فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا (النصر:1-3)

 When there comes to Help of Allah (to you, O

 Muhammad against your enemies) and the Conquest

 (of Makkah). And you see the people enter Allah’s

 religion (Islam) in crowds. So, glorify the Praises of

 your Lord, and ask His forgiveness. Verily, He is

 the One Who Ever accepts repentance

 and  Who forgives (Q. 110:1-3)

          At this time more delegations came to the Prophet (ﷺ) in Madinah. For example: Bali Delegation came in Rabī‘ al-Awwal 9 AH. They embraced Islam and stayed in Madinah. Their leader Abū ‘l-Dubayb asked the Prophet (ﷺ) whether hospitality was rewarded by Allah. When the Prophet (ﷺ) confirmed it, he asked about the stray ewe. The Prophet (ﷺ) answered: “It is either yours or your brother’s: otherwise it goes to the wolf.” When he asked about the stray camel, he answered: “It is none of your business. Leave it alone until its owner finds it.”

          The Thaqīf delegation consisting of six people came to Madinah. They would make a treaty between him and the Thaqīf, that they would be allowed to commit fornication, drink wine, and deal with usury. They asked him not to injure their idol al-Lāt or to perform the prayer. As the Prophet (ﷺ) rejected all of their requests, they asked him that the destruction of al-Lāt not to be done by them, but by the Prophet, which he accepted. The delegation of Banī Fazārah consisting of over ten men came to embrace Islam and complain about the drought. To this the Prophet (ﷺ) prayed for rain.

          Five days before the Prophet’s death he praised his companions (ṣaḥābah) the Helper (al-Anṣār), the people o Madīnah, reminding people of their favour. He said,

أُوصِيكُمْ بِالأَنْصَارِ فَإِنَّهُمْ كَرِشِى وَعَيْبَتِى وَقَدْ قَضَوُا الَّذِى عَلَيْهِمْ وَبَقِىَ

الَّذِى لَهُمْ فَاقْبَلُوا مِنْ مُحْسِنِهِمْ وَتَجَاوَزُوا عَنْ مُسِيئِهِمْ  (رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِىُّ)

I admonish you to be good to Al-Anṣār (the Helpers).

 They are my family and with them I found shelter.

They have acquitted themselves credibly of the responsibility that fell upon them and now there

remains what you have to do. You should fully acknowledge and appreciate the favor that they

 have shown and should overlook their

 faults. (reported by al-Bukhārī)

The Prophet (ﷺ) knew that by the lapse of time the number of the Anṣār would decrease, and again he wanted people to recognise and appreciate their contribution to Islam. He said:

إِنَّ النَّاسَ يَكْثُرُونَ وَتَقِلُّ الأَنْصَارُ حَتَّى يَكُونُوا كَالْمِلْحِ فِي الطَّعَامِ،

 فَمَنْ وَلِيَ مِنْكُمْ أَمْرًا يَضُرُّ فِيهِ أَحَدًا أَوْ يَنْفَعُهُ فَلْيَقْبَلْ مِنْ مُحْسِنِهِمْ

وَيَتَجَاوَزْ عَنْ مُسِيئِهِمْ» (رواه البخاري).

The number of believers would increase, but the

number of Helpers (al-Anṣār) would decrease to

the extent that they would be among man as salt

in the food. So, he who among you occupies a position

of responsibility and is powerful enough to do harm

or good to the people, he should fully acknowledge

and appreciate the favor that these benefactors

have shown, and overlook their  faults.

(Reported by al-Bukhārī)

    (CIVIC, 11 November, 2016)

المراجع:

 المكتبة الشاملة

تفسير الطبري (ت. 310 هـ( 

تفسير القرطبى (ت. 671 هـ(

تفسير ابن كثير (ت. 774 هـ(

Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri. The Sealed Nectar

Dr. Shauqi Abu Khalil. Atlas of the Qur’ān.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah

http://www.islamicweb.com/history/sahaba/bio.

ABU_HURAYRAH.htm

http://sohabih.blogspot.com.au/2015/06/ikramah-ra-bin-abi-jahal-accepts-islam.html

9. THE POSITION OF THE ṢAḤĀBAH (2)

9. THE POSITION OF THE ṢAḤĀBAH (2)

          The exact number of the ṣaḥābah is unknown due to their scattering in countries, cities, and villages. Mu‘ādh ibn Jabal said that he went to Tabūk expedition with over thirty-thousand people. Abū Zur‘ah said that there were people who accompanied the Prophet (ﷺ) in his Tabūk campaign, and the total number of Muslim was 120,000. Al-Shāfi‘ī said that the number of ṣaḥābah is sixty-thousands, half of them lived in cities, others were among tribes. Ibn Ḥajar in his al-Iṣābah (الإصَابَةُ فِي مَعْرِفَةِ الصَّحابَة) recorded 12,297 names men and women. They did not belong to the same level of piety, virtue and eminence, as mentioned in the Qur’ān as follows:

... لَا يَسْتَوِي مِنْكُمْ مَنْ أَنْفَقَ مِنْ قَبْلِ الْفَتْحِ وَقَاتَلَ أُولَئِكَ

أَعْظَمُ دَرَجَةً مِنَ الَّذِينَ أَنْفَقُوا مِنْ بَعْدُ وَقَاتَلُوا وَكُلًّا وَعَدَ اللَّهُ

الْحُسْنَى وَاللَّهُ  بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِير (الحديد ٥٧ : ١٠(

… Those who spend and fought before the victory

 are not upon a level (with the rest of you). Such are

 greater in rank than those who spent and fought

afterwards. Unto each hath Allah promised good.

 And Allah is Informed of what you do. (Q., 57:10).

وَالسَّابِقُونَ الْأَوَّلُونَ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ وَالَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوهُمْ بِإِحْسَانٍ

رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ وَرَضُوا عَنْهُ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ جَنَّاتٍ تَجْرِي تَحْتَهَا الْأَنْهَارُ

خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا أَبَدًا ذَلِكَ الْفَوْزُ الْعَظِيمُ (التوبة: (100

And the foremost to embrace Islam of the Muhājirūn

(those who migrated from Makkah to al-Madinah) and

the Anṣar (the citizens of al-Madinah who helped and

gave aid to the Muhajirūn) and also those who followed

 them exactly (in Faith). Allah is well-pleased with them as

 they are well-pleased with Him. He has prepared for

 them Gardens under which rivers flow (Paradise), to dwell therein forever. That is the supreme success. (Q. 9:100)

          Although all of the ṣaḥābah have their own virtues and honour which are above those of any pious, ascetic, humble and devout non-ṣaḥābī, they do not have the same level in their status. Muslim traditionist Ibn Ḥibbān and al-Ḥākim divided them into twelve levels, as follows:

1.    Earlier converts in Makkah. Among them were: The    Prophet (ﷺ)’s wife Khadījah who was the first convert, his freed slave Zayd ibn Ḥārithah, his cousin ‘Ali ibn Abī Ṭālib who had lived with him since his early childhood, his intimate friend Abū Bakr who was wealthy, obliging, mild, and upright. They were converts on the first day of the call. Through Abu Bakr’s effort a number of people converted to Islam, such as: ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Āffān, al-Zabayr ibn ‘Awwām, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn ‘Awf, Sa‘d ibn Abī Waqqāṣ, and Ṭalḥah ibn ‘Ubayd Allāh. Among the early converts were: Bilāl ibn Rabāh the Abyssinian, Abū ‘Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrāḥ, Abū Salamah ibn ‘Abd al-Asad, al-Arqam ibn Abī ’l-Arqam, ‘Uthmān ibn Maz‘ūn and his two brothers Qudāmah and ‘Abd Allāh, Sa‘īd ibn Zayd al- ‘Adawī and his wife Fāṭimah (sister of ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), Khabbāb ibn al-Aratt, ‘Abd Allah ibn Mas‘ūd and others, more than forty of them all.

2.     Those who had embraced Islam at Dār al-Nadwah (al-Nadwah Council, Assembly House, the Parliament of the Quraysh). When ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb converted to Islam he took the   Prophet (ﷺ) to this place, where some people converted by him. But taking the   Prophet (ﷺ) to this place claimed by al-Ḥākim was doubted, as at that time he was hiding at Dār al-Arqam between al-Ṣafā and al-Marwah.

3.    Refugees to Ethiopia. When the condition of Muslims in Makkah was getting worse and worse Allah revealed to the   Prophet (ﷺ) that the world was spacious enough to take refuge. Allah revealed:

قُلْ يَا عِبَادِ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمْ لِلَّذِينَ أَحْسَنُوا فِي هَذِهِ الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةٌ

وَأَرْضُ اللَّهِ وَاسِعَةٌ إِنَّمَا يُوَفَّى الصَّابِرُونَ أَجْرَهُمْ بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ (الزمر:10)

Say O Muhammad): “O My slaves who believe (in the Oneness of Allah – Islamic Monotheism), be afraid of
 your Lord (Allah) and keep your duty to Him. Good is
 (the reward) for those who dogood in his world,
 and Allah’s earth is spacious (so if you cannot
worship Allah a a lace, then go to another)! Only
those who are patient shall receive their reward
 in full, without reckoning. (Q. 39:10

 The   Prophet (ﷺ) learned that Ashamah whose title was Negus, king of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) was a fair ruler. In Rajab of the fifth year of  prophethood he sent 12 man and 4 women to take refuge there, including ‘Uthmān and his wife Ruqayyah (the’s daughter),  and Abū ‘Ubaydah.

In Shawwāl the same year they returned to Makkah for having misinformation that the situation there had been improved, and therefore, some of them returned to Ethiopia. The Prophet (ﷺ) sent again his followers to Ethiopia for the second time, consisting of 83 men and 13 (some said 18) women.

4.    Those who participated at the first ‘Aqabah Pledge in the 12^th year of the prophethood. They were twelve people: As‘ad ibn Zurārah, ‘Awf ibn Ḥārith, Rāfi‘ ibn Mālik, Quṭbah ibn ‘Āmir, ‘Uqbah ibn ‘Āmir, Mu‘ādh ibn al-Ḥārith, Dhakwān ibn ‘Abd al-Qays, ‘Ubādah ibn al-Ṣāmit, Yazīd ibn Tha‘labah, al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ubādah, Abū ‘l-Haytham ibn al-Tayhān, and ‘Uwaym ibn Sā‘idah. The last two were from Aws tribe, and the remaining ten were from Khazraj tribe.  The wording of the pledge as narrated by ‘Ubādah ibn al-Ṣāmit, and recorded by al-Bukhārī, the Prophet (ﷺ)  said as follows:

Come here and pledge that you will not associate any with Allah, that you will not steal, nor commit unlawful sexual intercourse, nor kill your children, not utter slander inten-tionally forging falsehood, nor disobey me in any good. He who fulfils this, Allah  will reward him; and who neglects anything and is afflicted in this world, it may prove redemp- tion for  him in the Hereafter; and   if the sin remains hidden from the eyes of the men and no grief comes to him, then his affair is with Allah. He may forgive him or He may not.

5.    Those who participated in the second ‘Aqabah Pledge. In the thirteenth year of  Prophet (ﷺ) hood (June, 622 CE) during the pilgrimage season over 70 converts came from Madinah and made a secret meeting with the   Prophet (ﷺ) at the night in a small hill at al-‘Aqabah during the night of tashrīq days (11^th, 12^th and 13^th of Dhū’l-Ḥijjah). They consisted of 73 men, including Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, and two women (Nuṣaybah bint Ka‘b from Banī Māzin, and Asmā’ bint ‘Amr from Banī Salamah), led by Ka‘b ibn Mālik. When they asked what should they pledge, the   Prophet (ﷺ) answered, as narrated by Jābir and recorded by al-Imām Aḥmad, as follows:

-         to listen and obey in all difficulty and ease.

-         to spend in plenty as well as in scarcity

-         to enjoin good and forbid evil

-         in Allah’s service, you will fear the censure of none

-         to aid me when I come to you, and protect me from anything you protect yourself, your spouses and children from. Then Paradise is in store for you.

When they asked assurance from the   Prophet (ﷺ) that he would not leave them when Allah granted him victory and power, he said:

Nay, it would never be; your blood will be my

blood. In life and death I will be with you and you

with me. I will fight whom you fight and I will make

peace with those with whom you make peace.

    Then they extended their hands, shook hand with the   Prophet (ﷺ). The two women just took the pledge orally without shaking hands with the   Prophet (ﷺ).

6.     Emigrants who arrived at Qubā’ before the Prophet (ﷺ)   entered Madinah and before the building of the mosque of Madinah. Abū Salamah was the first one to migrate, a year before the second Aqabah Pledge. Then he was followed by his wife and son. Suhayb ib Sinān al-Rūmī was release only and allowed to leave for Madinah after he offered them to give away all his wealth. The Prophet (ﷺ) after hearing this story said: “Suhayb has profited, Suhayb has profited.” Then ‘Umar migrated and arrived with 20 of the ṣaḥābah.

7.    Those who joined the battle of Badr, called Ahl Badr (lit. “people of Badr”). For this battle the Makkan army prepared 1300 soldiers, 600 of them in mail armour, and 100 horsemen and many camels. Every day they slaughtered between 9 and 10 camels for food, and they planned to stay 3 days. As the caravans led by Abū Sufyān escaped the ambush of the Muslim army, Banū Zahrah broke away and returned to Makkah. Banū Hāshim could not break away because of Abū Jahl’s threats. So, there remained 1000 soldiers proceeding to Badr to fight the Muslim army consisting of between 300 and 317 soldiers, with 12 horses and 70 camels. There were between 82 and 86 of them were Muhājirīn (emigrants), and the remaining were Anṣār (the Helpers, the Madinians) 61 from Aws tribe, and 170 from Khazraj tribe. Facing the army threefold the size of that of his army the Prophet’s prayer was answered. Allah said:

إِذْ تَسْتَغِيثُونَ رَبَّكُمْ فَاسْتَجَابَ لَكُمْ أَنِّي مُمِدُّكُمْ بِأَلْفٍ

 مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ مُرْدِفِينَ (الأنفال:9)

(Remember) when you sought help of your Lord

and He answered you (saying): “I will help you 

with a thousand of angels each behind the other

 (following one another) in succession” (Q. 8:9)

          Ibn ‘Abbās narrated reported by Muslim: “While on that day a Muslim was chasing a disbeliever and he heard over him the swashing of a whip and the voice of the rider saying: ‘Go ahead Hayzun’. He glanced and the polytheist who had (now) fallen down on his back. When he asked the  Prophet about the event, the Prophet replied: ‘You have told the truth. This was the help from the third heaven.’”

    The Prophet (ﷺ)’s uncle ‘Abbās ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib who was forced to join the Makkan army was captured by one of the Anṣār. He said to the Prophet (ﷺ): “O Messenger of Allah, by Allah, this man did not capture me. I was captured by a man who was bald and had the most handsome face, and who was riding a piebald horse. I cannot see him here among the people.” The man interrupted: “O Messenger of Allah, I captured him.” The Prophet (ﷺ) replied: “Be quiet, Allah the Almighty strengthened you with the help of a noble angel.”

There were 14 martyrs in this battle, 6 among them were Muhājirīn, and 8 were the Anṣār, whereas the Makkan casualties: the loss of 70 men including Abū Jahl, and several were taken prisoners.

Ahl Badr had special status. Ḥāṭib ibn Abī Balta‘ah in order to save his disbelieving relative in Makkah informed them of the Prophet’s plan to conquer Makkah. When it was discovered through revelation, ‘Umar wanted to kill him as a hypocrite. But the Prophet said: “He is one of those who fought in the battle of Badr. What do you know, ‘Umar? Perhaps Allah has looked at the people of Badr, and said: ‘Do as you please, for I have forgiven you’” ‘Umar released him, and said: “Allah and His Messenger know better. Then it was revealed:

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا عَدُوِّي وَعَدُوَّكُمْ أَوْلِيَاءَ تُلْقُونَ إِلَيْهِمْ بِالْمَوَدَّةِ (الممتحنة:1)

O you who believe! Take not my enemies and your

 enemies (i.e. disbelievers and polytheists) as friends,

 showing affection towards them… (Q. 60:1)

المراجع: (CIVIC, 4 November. 2016

تفسير الطبري (ت. 310 هـ)

تفسير القرطبى(ت. 671 هـ)

تفسير ابن كثير(ت. 774 هـ)

Safi-ur-Rahman Al-Mubakafrakpuri. The Sealed Nectar.

 https://islamqa.info/ar/181943

http://www.d1g.com/qna/show/3894722

http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/arabic/magazine/

tmp/1326694209fix3su

http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=76555